The goal of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, XPS, and X-Ray Adsorption Near Edge Spectroscopy, XANES, is to obtain information about the chemical interactions and bonding in the compound studied.
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Far-from-equilibrium systems are ubiquitous in nature, such as in glasses, active matter, and turbulence, but are still poorly understood when compared to the unifying description of thermodynamics for systems in thermal equilibrium.
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Laboratory-based laser-produced plasma (lpp) soft X-ray sources achieve high brightness and stability in the EUV and XUV range. With emission energies beyond 1.6 keV and stable operating times in the range of hours, they already offer numerous experimental possibilities that are independent and supplemental to investigations at large scale facilities.
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